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2. "Kurso de Esperanto" by Karlo Pereira Basic Esperanto Course, interactive with sound Download from http://www.cursodeesperanto.com.br/bazo/elshuto.php?en Help for the lessons Lesson # 0. To read before sending the exercises from the lessons of the course. A little bit of grammar. Description of some very simple rules of grammar, easy to remember, always to be applied, without exceptions. The adjectives finish in " - a" (it can be - aj - an - ajn) The substantives finish in " - o" (it can be - oj - on - ojn) Adverbs: The ending -e is equivalent to "ly" in English. Substantives, nouns: Generally two substantives are not written together (-o). Possibly one is a substantive (-o) and the others are adjectives (-a). Adjectives are qualities. (-a) The names of things are substantives. (-o) Verbs have only 6 endings: Present tense finishes in "-as". Past tense finishes in "-is". Future tense finishes in "-os". Conditional finishes in "-us". Imperative finishes in "-u". Infinitive finishes in "-i". Verbs: Generally only simple verbs are used. Never use together two verbs finished in -as, -is, -os. The article "the" is translated as "la". "La" is the only article in Esperanto. The article "la" never changes, does not receive endings. The articles "a", "an" are never translated, they aren't needed. "oni", somebody, some, indeterminated. It does not replace the English "a" or "an". It is not used in any of the answers of the lessons in this course. Before completing a lesson, please read the part concerning that lesson, in this page, farther down. Remember that if the question is plural, the answer is also plural. If the question is in past tense, the answer is also in past tense. If the substantive is plural (-oj), the adjective is also plural (-aj). If the question begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, the answer also begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. After finishing the exercises of each lesson please review all the answers. Maybe the answer to one of the last exercises clarifies a mistake made at the beginning. Then review the whole message. Be sure that you did not write "Espernato" or " instruito" instead of " Esperanto" or "instruisto". I do not recommend the use of dictionaries until the end of the two first courses. Following the courses you will learn more words, faster, and with more retention. After the courses the dictionary will be necessary to extend your word provision. After finishing several lessons, please tell me how long took you to study each lesson. = = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lesson 1 Remember that all endings are very important. All the letters have to be well pronounced. To avoid repeating names, we use pronouns: mi = I, me vi = you li, sxi, gxi = he, she, it oni (indeterminate) ni = we ili = they We add "a" to the pronouns to make the possesives. They finish with "a" and behave like adjectives. mia = my, mine via = yours lia = his sxia = her, hers gxia = its nia = our ilia = their = = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lessons 2 and 3 The article "the" is traduced as "la". "la" doesn't take any other ending. The articles "a", "an" don't have a translation. They aren't needed. Transitive verbs are action verbs. They require a direct object to complete its meaning in the sentence. This direct object always takes the ending "-n", called "accusative" in Esperanto. If the direct object has noun(s) and adjective(s), all of them take the "-n" ending. If they are plural, all of them end in "jn". Substantive (accusative) ends in -on. Substantive (accusative plural) ends in -ojn. Adjective (accusative) ends in -an. Adjective (accusative, plural) ends in -ajn. Numbers don't take accusative nor plural. Sentences with the verb "esti" (estas, estis, estos) never take the accusative ending. Words that modify verbs, are adverbs, they end in -e. (equivalent to English "ly") - - - ¿When do we have to use the "-n" ending? Transitive verbs In Esperanto, word order is not very important. The following 6 sentences have the same meaning: Petro batas Johanon. Petro Johanon batas. Johanon batas Petro. Johanon Petro batas. Batas Petro Johanon. Batas Johanon Petro. ¿Who hits WHOM? In English there are very few words that act like the Esperanto accusative. Some of them are: me, him, her, them, whom With verbs, these words are used in English in the same way that the accusative is used in Esperanto. But they are also used in English after prepositions and that is not the case in Esperanto. This happens only with these few words in English. In Esperanto we have to use the ending "-n" with all the transitive verbs ... always. Petro batas Johanon. Peter hits John. Johanon batas Petro. Not an easy translation. Maybe: "John is being hit by Peter" Peter has a book. What does Peter have? Petro havas libron. ¿Kion havas Petro? But ... Kiu havas libron? Who has a book? If the sentence needs -n, the question also needs -n. - - - Intransitive verbs refer back to the subject. They don't take direct object. "estas" is an intransitive verb. It never requires "-n". Vi "estas" lernanto. You are a student. lerni = to learn lernanto = somebody who learns Later we will see other ways to use the "-n" ending. = = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lesson 4 Pronouns: May use the accusative ending. They don't take the "-j" ending for plural. mi, vi, sxi, li, gxi, oni, ni, vi, ili. Possessives: They may take the accusative and/or plural endings. mia, via, sxia, lia, gxia, onia, nia, via, ilia. edzo = husband edzino = wife gustumi = to try some food teatraĵo = a theater play kun = with (together, in company) loĝas = to reside, to live in a place domo = house (like in the word "domestic) bildkarto = bildo + karto = a post card ŝati = to be satisfied = = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lesson 5 Correlatives: The correlatives form a table made of 5 beginnings times 9 endings, making a total of 45 correlatives. In theory you have to learn the meanings of these 14 parts. But remember that in practice you will not use all of them. But it is always good to learn the meaning of these parts. Beginnings: As you can see next to "ki" and "ti", English also have this words that start with the same sound, and also have corresponding endings. ki = question word (who, what, where, when, how) ti = showing word (that, there, then, those, thus) cxi = every, all neni = negation, none, nobody, nothing, never i = individual, indeterminate, any, some, something Endings: o = (substantive) a thing, something a = (adjective) what kind, that kind e = (adverb) where, place u = person, who al = why, reason, because el = how, manner es = whose, possession om = quantity (kiom = how many) am = time (kiam = when; tiam = then) tio = that cxi tio = this The complete table of correlatives is at http://esperantofre.com/eeo/EoDktA/KorKurA3.htm#kore Read the whole table once, but don't try to memorize it. More about Correlatives:by Sylvan Zaft by Donald Harlow= = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lesson 6 = = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lesson 7 Accusative to show direction: Karlo promenis en la parko. Charles walked in the park. Charles was all the time within the park. Karlo promenis en la parkon. Charles walked into the park. The accusative ending in "parkon" shows that Charles wasn't in the park, but walked into it. herbo = grass meti = to put Please send the exercises from pages 4, 8, and 15, all in one message. = = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lesson 8 disdoni = to distribute eleganta = elegant kolego = colleague najbaro; najbarino = neighbor = = = = = = = = = = = = Help for Lesson 10 tramo = a tramway or a boat for public transportation. = = = = = = = = = = = = Best wishes, Enrique From Fremont, California, USA.Lernua Steps to learn and use Esperanto
K1h Como usar el curso
K2h Ayudas para las lecciones
K1a How to use the course
K2a Help with the lessons
G1h 3 capítulos de "Gerda Malaperis", traducción
G1hx 3 capítulos de "Gerda Malaperis", traducción, x
G1a 3 chapters from "Gerda Malaperis", translation
G1ax 3 chapters from "Gerda Malaperis", translation, xUpdated by Enrique, October 24, 2010