Free Esperanto Course
in English

Version 24 August 2005


This page was copied October 16th, 2000 from:
http://www.ozemail.com.au/~esperanto/ec.html


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Vocabulary    Correlatives     Endings     Affixes
 
Richardson Vortaro       (Esperanto-English)

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        VOCABULARY

  -- A --

aĉet/i
adiaŭ
aer/o
afabl/a
afer/o
Afrik/o
agrabl/a
aĝo
ajn
akcept/i
akr/a
akv/o
al
al/iĝ/i
al/ven/i
ali/a
almenaŭ
alt/a
am/i
amas/o
ambaŭ
amik/o
angl/o

to buy
goodbye
air
kind, friendly
case, affair, thing
Africa
pleasant, nice
age
-ever, any
to accept
sharp
water
to(wards)
to join (i)
to arrive (i)
other
at least (adv)
high, tall
to love
mass, crowd
both
friend
Englishman

angul/o
ankaŭ
ankoraŭ
anstataŭ
antaŭ

apart/a
apenaŭ
aper/i
apetit/o
april/o
apud
arb/o
art/o
atend/i
atest/i
aŭ
aŭd/i
aŭgust/o
aŭskult/i
aŭt/o
aŭtobus/o
aŭtun/o
av/o

corner, angle
also
still (adv)
instead of
in front of,
before
separate
barely, scarcely
to appear
appetite
April
beside
tree
art
to wait for
to testify
or
to hear
August
to listen
automobile, car
bus, coach
autumn, fall
grandfather

  -- B --

baldaŭ
bat/i
batal/i
bel/a
best/o
bezon/i

bicikl/o
bier/o
bigami/o
bilard/o
bildo
bird/o
blank/a
blind/a
blond/a

soon (adv)
to hit, to beat
to fight
lovely, beautiful
animal
to need,
to require
bicycle
beer
bigamy
billiards, pool
picture, image
bird
white
blind
blonde

blu/a
bon/a
bord/o

bov/o
brak/o
bril/i
bru/i
brul/i

brun/a
bub/o
bufed/o
buŝ/o
butik/o
butikum/i

blue
good
border, shore,
bank
cow, bull, ox
arm
to shine
to make a noise
to burn, to be
on fire (intr)
brown
boy, lad, brat
buffet
mouth
shop
to go (be) out
shopping

  -- C --

cel/o
cent
cert/a

target, goal
hundred
sure, certain

ci
cigared/o

thou (rare)
cigarette

  -- Ĉ --

ĉambr/o
ĉapel/o
ĉar

ĉas/i
ĉe
ĉeval/o

room
hat
because, since
(conjuction)
to hunt, chase
at
horse

ĉi

ĉiel/o
ĉirkaŭ

ĉokolad/o
ĉu

(indicates
proximity)
heaven, sky
approximately,
around (adv)
chocolate
(interrogative)
(is it true that...)

  -- D --

da
danc/i
dank/i
daŭr/i
de
decembr/o
dek
dekstr/a
demand/i
de/nov/e
dens/a
dent/o
dev/i
dezir/i
di/o
dik/a

of (quantity)
to dance
to thank
to continue, last
of, from
December
ten
right (side)
ask (a question)
again, once more
dense, thick
tooth
must, to have to
to wish, desire
god
thick, fat

dimanĉ/o
dir/i
direkt/o
disk/o
divers/a
do

dolĉ/a
dolor/o
dom/o
don/i
dorm/i
du
dub/i
dum

Sunday
to say
direction
disk, record
varied
therefore, so,
then (conj)
sweet
pain
house, building
to give
to sleep
two, 2
to doubt (tr.)
while, during

  -- E --

eĉ
edz/o
eĥ/o
ekster
ekzempl/o
ekzerc/i
el
elekt/i

even (adv)
husband
echo
outside, out of
example
to exercise
out of, from
to choose,
to elect

en
erar/o
eskim/o
esper/i
esperant/o
est/i
Eŭklid/o
Eŭrop/a

in
error
Eskimo
to hope
Esperanto
to be
Euclid
European

  -- F --

facil/a
fajr/o
fal/i
famili/o
far/i
fart/i
februar/o
feliĉ/a
fenestr/o
fer/o
ferm/i
fest/i
fil/o
fin/i

fingr/o
fiŝ/o

easy
fire
to fall
family
to do, to make
to fare, to feel
February
happy
window
iron
to close
to celebrate
son
to finish, to end
(transitive)
finger
fish

flank/o
flav/a
flor/o
flug/i
foj/o
for
forges/i
form/o
fort/a
frap/i
frat/o
fraŭl/o
fraŭl/in/o
fremd/a
fru/a
frukt/o
fum/o

side
yellow
flower
to fly
time, occasion
far, away (adv)
to forget
form
strong
to hit, to strike
brother
bachelor
unmarried woman
foreign, alien
early
fruit
smoke

  -- G --

gaj/a
gajn/i
gazet/o
geografi/o
glaci/o
glas/o
glob/o

happy, cheerful
to win, acquire
magazine
geography
ice
(drinking) glass
globe, sphere

gol/o
grand/a
grav/a
griz/a
gust/o
gust/um/i

goal (scored)
big, large
important
gray
taste
to taste
something (tr.)

  -- Ĝ --

ĝangal/o
ĝarden/o
ĝi

jungle
garden
it

ĝis
ĝoj/i
ĝust/a

until, as far as
to be glad
correct, exact

  -- H --

ha!
halt/i
har/o
hav/i
hejm/o
hel/a
help/i
herb/o

ah! (interj)
to stop (intr)
(one) hair
to have
home
bright, clear
to help
grass

hieraŭ
histori/o
ho!
hodiaŭ
hom/o
hor/o
hund/o

yesterday
history
o!, oh! (interj)
today
person
hour, time of day
dog

  -- Ĥ --

ĥor/o

choir

  -- I --

ide/o
ili
imag/i
indian/o

infan/o
insekt/o

idea
they
to imagine
(American)
indian
child
insect

instru/i
inter
interes/o
interes/i
intern/a
ir/i

to teach
among, between
interest
to interest (tr.)
internal, inside
to go

  -- J --

ja
jaĥt/o
jam
januar/o
jar/o
je

indeed
yacht
already (adv)
January
year
(indefinite
preposition)

jen

jes
juli/o
jun/a
juni/o
just/a

here is/are
sometimes...
yes
July
young
June
just, fair

  -- Ĵ --

ĵaluz/o
ĵaŭd/o
ĵet/i

jealousy
Thursday
to throw

ĵurnal/o
ĵus

newspaper
just (now)

  -- K --

kaf/o
kaj
Kalgari/o
kalkul/i

kamp/o
kanjon/o
kant/i
kap/o
kapt/i
kar/a
kaŝ/i
kat/o
kaŭz/o
ke
kelk/a
klar/a
klin/i

coffee
and (conjunct.)
Calgary
to calculate,
to count
field, area
canyon
to sing
head
to catch
dear
to hide (trans.)
cat
cause
that (conjunct.)
some
clear
to bow, to incline
to lean over (tr.)

konsent/i
konsil/i
konstru/i
kontent/a
kontraŭ

kor/o
korespond/i

korp/o
kort/o
kost/i
kovert/o
kovr/i
kred/i
kresk/i
kri/i
krom

to agree
to advise
to build
satisfied, content
against,
opposite (prep)
heart
to correspond,
exchange letters
body
yard, courtyard
to cost
envelope
to cover
to believe
to grow (intr.)
to yell, to cry out
besides,
except (prep)

klub/o
knab/o
kokakol/o
kol/o
kolekt/i
koler/i
kolor/o
komenc/i

komerc/i

kompren/i
komun/a
kon/i
konduk/i
kongres/o

club, group
boy
Coke
neck
to collect (trans.)
to be angry
color
to begin
(something) (tr.)
to trade,
to do business
to understand
common, general
to know
to lead
congress,
convention

ktp
(kaj tiel plu)
kuir/i
kuk/o
kun
kunikl/o
kur/i
kuraĝ/a
kurs/o

kuŝ/i
kutim/o
kvankam
kvar
kvazaŭ

kvin

and so on (abbr.)

to cook
cake
with (preposition)
rabbit
to run
brave, courageous
course,
series of lessons
to lie down
custom, habit
although (conj)
four, 4
as if, as though
(conj, adv)
five, 5

  -- L --

la
labor/i
lac/a
lakt/o
land/o
larĝ/a
las/i
last/a
laŭ

lav/i
lecion/o
leg/i
lern/i
leter/o
lev/i
li

the (def article)
to work
tired
milk
country, land
wide
to leave, to allow
last
according to,
along (prep)
to wash (tr)
lesson
to read
to learn
letter
to lift
he

liber/a
libr/o
lig/o
lig/i
lign/o
limonad/o
lingv/o
lini/o
lit/o
loĝ/i
lok/o
London/o
long/a
lud/i
lum/o
lund/o

free, independent
book
league, alliance
to tie, to bind
wood
lemonade
language
line
bed
to reside
place, position
London
long
to play
light
Monday

  -- M --

maj/o
man/o
manĝ/i
mank/i

mar/o
mard/o
mark/o
mart/o
maten/o
maten/
manĝ/o
mejl/o
mem
membr/o
memor/i
merkred/o
met/i
mez/o
mezur/i

May (month)
hand
to eat
to be lacking,
to be absent
sea, ocean
Tuesday
sign, mark
March (month)
morning
breakfast

mile
-self, -selves
member
to remember
Wednesday
to put, to place
middle
to measure
(something) (tr)

mi
mil
milion/o
milit/i
minut/o
mir/i

moment/o
mon/o
monat/o
mond/o
mont/o
montr/i
morgaŭ
mort/i
mov/i

mult/a
mur/o


I, me
(one) thousand
million
to wage war
minute
to marvel,
to be amazed
moment
money
month
world
mountain
to show
tomorrow
to die (intr.)
to move
(something) (tr)
much, a lot of
wall


  -- N --

naci/o
naĉ/i
nask/i
natur/o
naŭ
naz/o
ne
neces/a
neĉ/o
nek

neŭtral/a
ni
nigr/a
nokt/o

nation
to swim
to give birth (tr)
nature
nine, 9
nose
no, not
necessary
snow
nor, (conjunct)
neither... nor...
neutral, impartial
we, us
black
night

nom/o
nombr/o
nord/a
nov/a
Nov-Jork/o
novembr/o
nu
nub/o
nul
nul/o

nun
nur
nutraĵ/o

name
number, amount
north
new
New York
November
well!, now! (interj)
cloud
zero
nil, name of the
number zero
now
only (adverb)
food, nourishment

  -- O --

oft/a

ok
okaz/i

oktobr/o
okul/o
okup/i
ol

ond/o

frequent,
common
eight, 8
to happen,
to occur
October
eye
to occupy
than (comparing)
(conjunction)
wave

oni

onkl/o
opini/i

ord/o
ordon/i

orel/o
ost/o
ov/o

one, people, they
(indef. pronoun)
uncle
to think, to
have an opinion
order
to order,
to command
ear
bone
egg

  -- P --

pac/o
paf/i
pag/i
pan/o
pantofl/o
paper/o
pardon/i

Pariz/o
parol/i
part/o
pas/i
paŝ/i
patr/o
pec/o
pen/i

pens/i
per


peace
to shoot
to pay
bread
slipper
paper
to forgive,
to excuse
Paris
to speak
part
to pass
to step, to pace
father
piece, bit
to try,
to endeavour
to think
by (means of),
with (prep)

plu

plum/o
pluv/o
polus/o

popol/o
por

pord/o
port/i
post

postul/i

poŝ/o
pov/i
prav/a
precip/a
prem/i

further, more
(adv)
pen
rain
pole (as in
North Pole)
people, nation
for, in order to
(prep)
door
to carry
after, behind
(prep)
to demand,
to require
pocket
to be able (to)
right, correct
main, principal
to press,
to squeeze

perd/i
permes/i

person/o
pet/i

pied/o
pilk/o
plaĉ/i

plaĝ/o
plank/o
plej

plen/a
plend/i
plezur/o

pli

plor/i

to lose
to allow,
to permit
person
to ask (for),
to request
foot
ball (for playing)
to please,
to be pleasing
beach
floor
most (adv)
(superlative)
full
to complain
pleasure,
enjoyment
more (adv)
(comparative)
to cry, to weep

pren/i
preskaŭ
pret/a
preter

prezent/i
pri

printemp/o
pro

problem/o
profund/a
proksim/a
promen/i
propr/a
prosper/i
prov/i
pun/i
punkt/o
pur/a

to take
almost (adverb)
ready
beyond, past
(prep)
to present
about, concerning
(prep)
spring
by reason of,
because of (prep)
problem
deep
near, close
to take a walk
(one's) own
to prosper
to try, to test
to punish
point, period
clean, pure

  -- R --

rajt/o
rakont/i
rapid/a
reg/i
renkont/i
respond/i
rest/i

rest/o
ricev/i
riĉ/a

a right
to tell, to narrate
quick, fast
to rule, to control
to meet
to answer
to remain,
to continue to be
rest, remainder
to receive
rich

rid/i
rigard/i
rimark/i
rimed/o
ripoz/i
river/o
rob/o
romp/i
rond/o
roz/o
ruĝ/a

to laugh
to look (at)
to notice
means, resource
to rest
river
a dress
to break (trans.)
round, circle
rose
red

  -- S --

sabat/o
sabl/o
sag/o
salt/i
salut/i
sam/a
san/a
sandviĉ/o
sang/o
sat/a
sci/i
se
sed
seĝ/o

Saturday
sand
arrow
to jump
to greet
same
healthy
sandwich
blood
satisfied
to know
if (conj)
but (conj)
chair

silent/a
silent/i
simpl/a
sinjor/o
skatol/o
skrib/i
soif/i
sol/a
solv/i
somer/o
son/i
spec/o
staci/o
star/i

quiet
to be silent
simple
mister, gentleman
box, case
to write
to be thirsty
alone
to solve (tr.)
summer
to sound
kind, sort
(bus) station
to stand

sek/a
sekv/i
semajn/o
sen
send/i
sent/i
sep
septembr/o
serĉ/i

serv/i
ses
si
sid/i

dry
to follow
week
without (prep)
to send
to feel (tr.)
seven, 7
September
to look for,
to seek
to serve
six, 6
reflexive pronoun
to sit

stat/o
step/o
strat/o
stud/i
sub

sufer/i
sufiĉ/a
sukces/i
suker/o
sun/o
super
supr/o
sur

state, condition
steppe
street
to study
under,
beneath (prep)
to suffer
sufficient, enough
to succeed
sugar
sun
over, above (prep)
top, summit
on, upon (prep)

  -- Ŝ --

ŝaf/o
ŝajn/i

ŝanĝ/i
ŝat/i

sheep
to seem,
to appear to be
to change (tr.)
to like, to value

ŝi
ŝip/o
ŝose/o

ŝton/o
ŝu/o

she
ship
motorway,
freeway
stone
shoe

  -- T --

tabl/o
tag/o
tag/manĝ/o
tajp/i
tamen

tamtam/o
tas/o
task/o
te/o
teatr/o
Teksas/o
temp/o
ten/i
tenis/o
ter/o
tim/i

table
day
lunch
to type
however,
nevertheless
tom-tom
cup
task
tea
a theater
Texas
time
to hold, to have
tennis
earth, ground
to fear

tip/o
tir/i
tra
traf/i
tranĉ/i
trankvil/a
trans

tre
tri
trink/i
tro
trov/i
tuj
turn/i
tuŝ/i
tut/a

type, sort
to pull
through (prep)
not to miss
to cut
calm, quiet
across, beyond
(prep)
very
three, 3
to drink
too, too much
to find
immediately
to turn (tr.)
to touch
whole, entire

  -- U --

universal/a
unu
urb/o

universal
one, 1
city, town

Uson/o
util/a
uz/i

USA
useful
to use

  -- V --

vagon/o
valiz/o
valor/o
varb/i
varm/a
vast/a
vek/i
ven/i
vend/i
vendred/o
vent/o
ver/a
verd/a
vesper/o
vest/o
veter/o

train wagon
suitcase, luggage
value
to recruit
warm, hot
vast, huge
to awake (tr.)
to come
to sell (tr.)
Friday
wind
true, real
green
evening
garment, clothes
weather

vetur/i

vi
vid/i
vilaĝ/o
vin/o
vintr/o
vir/o
vitr/o
viv/i
vizaĝ/o
vizit/i
voj/o
vojaĝ/i
vok/i
vol/i
vort/o

to travel
(by vehicle)
you
to see
village
wine
winter
man
glass (substance)
to live, to be alive
face
to visit
way, road
to travel
to call (tr)
to want to
word

  -- Z --

zorg/i

to care for



KORELATIVOJ     (Correlatives)

 
 
 

Indefinite

I-
some

Question

KI-
what

Pointer

TI-
that

Universal

ĈI-
every

Negative

NENI-
no

-A
quality

IA
some kind of,
any kind of

KIA
what kind
of, what (a)

TIA
that kind
of, such a

ĈIA
every kind of,
all kinds of

NENIA
no kind of

-AL
reason

IAL
for some
reason

KIAL
why, for
what reason

TIAL
so, for that
reason

ĈIAL
for every
reason

NENIAL
for no
reason

-AM
time

IAM
sometime,
any time, ever

KIAM
when, at
what time

TIAM
then, at
that time

ĈIAM
always, at
all times

NENIAM
never, at
no time

-E
place

IE
somewhere,
anywhere

KIE
where, in
what place

TIE
there, in
that place

ĈIE
everywhere, in
every place

NENIE
nowhere,
in no place

-EN
direc-
tion

IEN
anywhere,
to any place

KIEN
where to, to
what place

TIEN
there, to
that place

ĈIEN
everywhere, to
every place

NENIEN
nowhere,
to no place

-EL
manner

IEL
somehow, in
some way

KIEL
how, in
what way

TIEL
that way,
thus, so

ĈIEL
in
every way

NENIEL
in no way

-ES
property

IES
someone's,
anyone's

KIES
whose,
which one's

TIES
that one's

ĈIES
everyone's
everybody's

NENIES
no one's,
nobody's

-O
thing

IO
something,
anything

KIO
what,
what thing

TIO
that,
that thing

ĈIO
everything,
all things

NENIO
nothing

-OM
quantity

IOM
some,
somewhat

KIOM
how much,
how many

TIOM
so much,
as many

ĈIOM
the whole,
all of it

NENIOM
none a bit
none

-U
person
or

IU
someone,
somebody

KIU
who, what
person

TIU
that person,
that one

ĈIU
everyone,
everybody

NENIU
no one,
nobody

specific
object

some, any

which, what

that

every, all, each

none, no

Note:   The "Correlatives table" has only nine rows.
The row for "-EN, Direction" is not on the original table.


Grammatical Endings

-o
-a
-e

noun
adjective      
adverb

-j
-n

plural
accusative

 

Verbs

-is
-as
-os      

past
present
future

-i
-us
-u

infinitive
conditional
volitive
(imperative, subjuntive)

 

Participles

 

 
past
present
future

active  
-int-
-ant
-ont-

passive
-it-
-at-
-ot-

Esperanto Affixes, Prefixes, Suffixes

Official Prefixes:

bo- ĉef- dis- ek- eks- fi- ge- mal- mis- pra- re-


Unofficial Prefixes:

pseŭdo- retro-


Official Suffixes:

-aĉ- -ad- -aĵ- -an- -ar- -ĉj- -ebl- -ec- -eg- -ej- -em-

-end- -er- -estr- -et- -id- -ig- -iĝ- -il- -in- -ind-

-ing- -ist- -nj- -obl- -on- -op- -uj- -ul- -um-


Unofficial Suffixes:

-i- -ism-


Official Prefixes:

    bo-   relationship by marriage, -in-law
bopatrino = mother-in-law
bofrato = brother-in-law

    ĉef-   head, chief
ĉefurbo = capital
ĉefministro = prime minister

    dis-   dis-, dispersal, separation, scattering, dismemberment
disĵeti = to scatter about
disdoni = to distribute
disaŭdigi = to broadcast
disigi = to separate, to take apart
disiĝi = to disintegrate, to fall apart

    ek-   momentary, sudden commencement, beginning of action, or brief lasting action
ekiri = to start
ekbrili = to flash
ekvidi = to notice
ekkrii = to shout out
eki = to begin, to start
ni eku! = let's get started

    eks-   ex-, former
eksreĝo = ex-king
eksedzino = ex-wife
eksigi = to discharge (from office), to impeach
eksiĝi = to resign

    fi-   shameful, nasty, morally bad, moral degradation, contempt
fiago = shameful act
figazeto = "smutty" magazine
fialudi = innuendo, evil insinuation
fikomercisto = swindler
fia = nasty, horrid
fiaĉa = repulsing in any regard

    ge-   of both sexes together
gepatroj = parents
gejunuloj = youth, young people
gesinjoroj = ladies and gentleman
gea = of both sexes, unisex

    mal-   opposite
malgranda = small
malami = to hate
malaperi = to vanish, to disappear
malriĉa = poor
malbona = bad
malbela = ugly
malforta = weak
malfacila = difficult
maldekstra = left
malfermi = to open
malkonsenti = to disagree
mala = opposite
male = on the contrary, contrary to

    mis-   mis-, amiss, wrongly
miskompreni = to misunderstand
miskompreno = misunderstanding
misuzi = to misuse
misuzo = abuse

    pra-   remote (time), primordiality, remoteness of relationship, of great antiquity, primeval, great (in family relationship), ancient, fore-
pratempa, praa = ancient
prahistorio = prehistory
prapatroj = ancestors
pratempo = the ancient past
pranepo = great-grandson
praavo = great-grandfather

    re-   re-, return, repetition, back, over again
resendi = to send back
reveni = to come back, to return (intr)
redoni = to give back, to return (tr)
rebrili = to reflect
reverki = to re-write (a book, etc.)


Unofficial Prefixes:

    pseŭdo-   pseudo-
pseŭdoscienco = pseudoscience
pseŭdonomo = pseudonym

    retro-   backward
retroiri = to retire, withdraw, retreat
retrorigardi = to look back


Official Suffixes:

    -aĉ-   scorn, disparagement, contemptible, disgusting, bad kind
domaĉo = hovel, shack, shanty
skribaĉi = to scrawl
infanaĉo = brat
virinaĉo = hag
ĉevalaĉo = sorry nag
veteraĉo = filthy weather
aĉulo = creep, thug
aĉaĵo = abomination

    -ad-   frequent, repetitive, or habitual action, prolonged action, continuation of action
naĝado = swimming
pafado = shooting
kuirado = cooking
agadi = to act
agado = action, activity
movado = movement
parolado = a speach
kuradi = to keep on running

    -aĵ-   thing (concrete idea), a concrete manifestation of an abstraction, the external manifestation of an activity, a characteristic piece of behaviour, the flesh of an animal, product, dish
kokinaĵo, kokidaĵo = chicken
ĝentilaĵo = polite, courteous act
manĝaĵo = food
infanaĵo = a childish act
dolĉaĵoj = sweets, candies
sendaĵo = shipment, thing sent
verdaĵo = greenery, something green
fragaĵo = strawberry jam
pakaĵo = package, thing packed
sekaĵoj = dry goods
bovaĵo = beef
segaĵo = sawdust
fluaĵo = liquid
ŝafaĵo = mutton
ovaĵo = scrambled eggs
aĵo = a thing, object
Esperantaĵoj = publications or other collectibles related to Esperanto

    -an-   member (of a group), inhabitant (of a place or country), partisan, participant, adherent
ano = member
klubano = club member
kursano = a course participant
kongresano = congressman, delegate
vilaĝano = villager
urbanoj = townspeople
nederlandano = dutchman
londonano = londoner
amerikanoj = americans
kristano = christian

    -ar-   collective, group, set, a collection of like things
arbaro = forest, woods
anaro = members' body
vortaro = dictionary
libraro = library
aŭdantaro = audience
homaro = mankind
aro = collection, set

    -ĉj-   pet-name (masculine) [truncation of root optional]
paĉjo = daddy
Joĉjo = Johnny, Joe
Tomĉjo = Tom, Tommy

    -ebl-   -able, -ible, possibility
legebla = legible
portebla = portable
videbla = visible
manĝebla = edible
kredebla = credible, believable
kredeble = possibly, probably
eble = perhaps
ebla = possible
ebleco = possibility

    -ec-   quality, abstract idea, -ness, -ship
blankeco = whiteness
rapideco = speed
silkeca = silky
amikeco = friendship
klareco = clearness
profesoreco = professorship
moleco = softness
malmoleco = hardness
eco = quality

    -eg-   augmentative, great size, intense degree
bonega = excellent
petegi = to beseech, to implore
domego = mansion
ridegi = to guffaw
varmega = hot
ega = great
ege = very

    -ej-   place alloted to or characterized by, space
lernejo = school
kuirejo = kitchen
loĝejo = apartment
vendejo = store
herbejo = meadow
hundejo = dog kennel
preĝejo = temple, church
ejo = place

    -em-   propensity, disposition, tendency
babilema = loquacious
parolema = talkative
komprenema = understanding
laborema = hard working, industrious
ŝparema = thrifty
mortema = mortal
ludema = playful
kredema = credulous
kolerema = irascible
suspektema = open to suspicion
samseksema = homosexual
malsamseksema = heterosexual
ambaŭseksema = bisexusual
ema = inclined, disposed, prone, apt
malema = unwilling, reluctant
eme = willingly, readily
emo = tendency, inclination, disposition

    -end-   to be -ed, which-must-be-done, necessity of action
pagenda = payable, to be payed, due
detruenda = to be destroyed
solvenda = must be solved
farenda = to be done, must be done

    -er-   item, unit, fragment, small particle of a whole, element
panero = crumb
ĉenero = link
pluvero = raindrop
monero = coin
pulvero = dust particle
fajrero = spark
sablero = grain of sand
diserigi = to split up, grind down
ero = element, particle, part

    -estr-   leader, ruler, head, chief
estro = chief
estri = to govern, direct, lead
ŝtatestro = head of state
guberniestro = state governor
staciestro = station master
urbestro = mayor
regnestro = ruler
lernejestro = head-master, principal, school director
ŝipestro = capitain, ship's master

    -et-   diminutive
dormeti = to doze, to slumber
libreto = booklet
lageto = pond
dometo = cottage
varmeta = luke-warm
rideti = to smile
eta = small, minimal

    -id-   offspring, the descendant of, the young of an animal
ido = child, infant, descendant, scion
idoj = progeny
izraelido = israelite
reĝido = prince
hundido = puppy
katido = kitten
ĉevalido = colt
bovido = calf
kokido = chick

-ig- to make, to render,to cause, to bring about
purigi = to clean, to purify
ebligi = to make possible
mortigi = to kill
plenigi = to fill
blankigi = to whiten
ruinigi = to ruin
bruligi = to burn something (tr) timigi = to frighten plibonigi = to improve something (tr)
lumigi = to put on the light
bindigi = to have bound
starigi = to stand (tr)
sciigi = to let know, to inform
igi = to make someone or to cause something to be

    -iĝ-   causative, to become, get, action of becoming
edziĝi = to get married (to become a husband)
edziniĝi = to get married (to become a wife)
naskiĝi = to be born
ruĝiĝi = to blush
blankiĝi = to grow white, whiten
pliboniĝi = to improve (intr)
sidiĝi = to sit down, to become seated
moviĝi = to move of itself
enlitiĝi = to get into bed
ruliĝi = to roll (intr)
sciiĝi = to get to know, become aware
iĝi = to become by self

    -il-   instrument, means, tool, implement
ilo = tool
hakilo = axe
ŝlosilo = key
kudrilo = needle
tranĉilo = knife
razilo = razor
flugilo = wing
montrilo = pointer, arrow

    -in-   female, feminine
virino = woman
patrino = mother,
reĝino = queen
fratino = sister
onklino = aunt
ĉevalino = mare
kokino = hen
ino = female

    -ind-   worthiness, worthy to be -ed, worth -ing
laŭdinda = praiseworthy
admirinda = worthy of admiration, admirable
aminda = lovable, worthy of love
memorinda = memorable
vidinda = worth seeing
vizitinda = worth a trip
inda = worthy

    -ing-   holder, socket, s heath (for one object)
glavingo = scabbard
plumingo = penholder
kandelingo = candlestick

    -ist-   person habitually occupied or concerned with something, professional or enthusiastic amateur, adherent, partisan
instruisto = teacher
artisto = artist
pentristo = painter
policisto = policeman
maŝinisto = machinist
biciklisto = cyclist
maristo = sailor
ŝuisto = shoemaker
drogisto = druggist
marksisto = marxist
Esperantisto = Esperantist

    -nj-   pet-name (feminine) [truncation of root optional]
panjo = mommy
Manjo = Mary Nenjo = Nellie

    -obl-   multiple
unuobla = single
duobla = double, twofold
trioble = triply, three times
kvaroble = fourfold, quadruply
dekduoble = twelve times
dudekoble = twenty times
centoble = a hundredfold
multobligi, obligi = to multiply

    -on-   fraction
duono = half
duonigi = to halve
sesono = sixth
centono = a hundredth part

    -op-   collective
unuope = one by one, singly
duope = two by two, in twos
kvaropo = quartet
kvarope = four abreast, by fours
centope = by hundreds, a hundred at a time

    -uj-   (1) container, receptacle
monujo = purse
inkujo = inkstand
ujo = generic container

(2) land, country
Anglujo = England
Esperantujo = Esperanto-land (everywhere where Esperanto is spoken)

(3) tree or bush, bearing fruit
pomujo = apple tree
pirujo = pear-tree
plumujo = plum-tree
vinberujo = vine

Note:   usages of -uj- (2) and (3) are becoming archaic/outdated

    -ul-   person (possesing a certain quality), characterized by
junulo = youth, young man
belulino = beauty
bravulo = brave man
blindulo = blind person
surdulo = deaf person
mutulo = mute person
riĉulo = rich man
drinkulo = drunkard
saĝulo = wise man, sage
samseksemulo = homosexual, gay
kunulo = companion
fremdulo = stranger
ulo = person, individual

    -um-   indefinite relation
malvarmumi = to catch cold
plenumi = to fulfil
tendumi = to camp
literumi = to spell
okulumi = to ogle
foliumi = to browse, to glance (through a book)
kolumo = collar
manumo = wrist band
plandumo = sole (of shoe)
ventumi = to fan
ventumilo = a fan
aerumi = to ventilate
komunumo = community
krucumi = to crucify
amikumi = to be friends
Esperantumi = to use Esperanto (and to enjoy it)


Unofficial Suffixes:

    -i-   country
Francio = France
Britio = Great Britain
Bulgario = Bulgaria
Meksikio = Mexico

    -ism-   -ism, theory, system, characteristic behaviour, pattern
platonismo = platonism
protektismo = protectionism
alkoholismo = alcoholism
magnetismo = magnetism
fetiĉismo = fetishism
anglismo = anglicism


Lesson 1     Lesson 6    Lesson 10     Return

Enrique Ellemberg
Fremont, CA, Usono

August 24a, 2005
Hejmpaĝo
Vokita fojoj.

Paĝo finis